Watch the most astounding recycling and engineering skills at work.

A DIY man built his own yacht with scrap materials in just 90 days

If you&#8217;re a fan of DIY projects that seem too good to be true, you&#8217;re in for a treat.
In this video, a Vietnamese man, who has a YouTube channel called Mr HỒ Thánh Chế, finds an engine from a wrecked boat that most people would deem unsalvageable. However, as a DIY-enthusiast who doesn&#8217;t shy away from a challenge, he decides that the engine seems salvageable enough and undertakes a journey in which he builds <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/the-stunning-new-air-yacht-is-a-catamaran-that-floats-to-the-skies" rel="dofollow">his very own DIY yacht</a> over the next couple of weeks.
From conception to completion, the video takes the viewer through him discovering the boat washed up on the shore and restoring it to its former glory, which is an incredible accomplishment since the engine originally looked like it belonged to the scrapyard at first. If you want to see how he managed such a feat and then build his own yacht, make sure you watch the video embedded above, and as always, enjoy.

The team studied evidence of the Laschamps event using ice and sediment cores.

Earth&#8217;s magnetic poles flipped some 41,000 years ago; here&#8217;s how

Representational image of Earth's magnetic field protecting the planet from solar wind

Earth&#8217;s magnetic field serves as a protective barrier against cosmic radiation from space. But this shield isn&#8217;t always as stable as it appears.



There are some short-lived episodes when the magnetic north wanders, occasionally switching with the south pole. This natural process, known as <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/satellites-ash-impact-earths-magnetic-field" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">magnetic field</a> excursions, reduces the strength of the magnetic field. 



One well-known example of a magnetic field excursion is the <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/how-earths-magnetic-field-flip-will-impact-life-on-our-planet" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">Laschamps event</a>, which happened around 41,000 years ago. Along with the upside-down compass, this occurrence dramatically weakened the strength of Earth&#8217;s magnetic field. 



The reduced intensity meant the magnetic fields could not deflect charged particles away from the planet, as they typically do. The event exposed Earth&#8217;s atmosphere and surface to dangerous cosmic rays as well as a steady bombardment of charged particles from the Sun. 



“Periods of low magnetic field intensity could correlate to major upheavals in the biosphere,” mentioned the <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1041098" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">press release</a>. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-event">Understanding the event</h3>



When cosmic rays penetrate Earth&#8217;s atmosphere, they interact with the nuclei of atmospheric atoms. This interaction results in the formation of cosmogenic radionuclides. These isotopes are referred to as cosmogenic since they come from cosmic rays.



To understand these events, scientists at the GFZ Potsdam in Germany examined cosmogenic radionuclides trapped in ice and marine sediment cores.



The analysis of these isotopes may reveal information about the period when Earth&#8217;s surface was intensively bombarded with cosmic rays. 



In this new study, researchers attempted to unravel the link between paleomagnetic field strength and cosmogenic nuclides during the Laschamps excursion. Paleomagnetic field intensity is the strength of the Earth&#8217;s magnetic field in the past or during this excursion.&nbsp;



Moreover, these isotopes may be created by cosmic rays interacting with atoms in Earth&#8217;s atmosphere, such as beryllium-10. 



The team suggests that during a weak paleomagnetic field, the production rate of cosmogenic radionuclides would have drastically increased in Earth’s atmosphere. The researchers looked into the fluctuation of beryllium-10, which acts as a marker for changes in magnetic field intensity in the distant past.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-study-s-importance-for-space-climate-predictions">The study&#8217;s importance for space climate predictions</h3>



The researchers mentioned in the press release that they found that “the average production rate of beryllium-10 during the Laschamps excursion was two times higher than present-day production, implying very low magnetic field intensity and lots of cosmic rays reaching Earth’s atmosphere.” 



Earth&#8217;s protective magnetosphere shrunk as the magnetic field decreased, potentially exposing our ancestors to extreme cosmic radiation some 41,000 years ago.&nbsp;



“Understanding these extreme events is important for their occurrence in the future, space climate predictions, and assessing the effects on the environment and on the Earth system,” said Sanja Panovska, a researcher at GFZ Potsdam in the <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1041098" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">press release.</a>



Panovska will be presenting this new study at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2024 in Vienna, Austria

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</ul>

The new radar technology claims to calculate the precise coordinates of an F-22 in just 0.008 seconds.

China claims new radar can spot US’ stealthy F-22s 65,000 times better

F-22 is an advanced air superiority fighter, capable of a top speed of 1,500 MPH.

Chinese researchers associated with the country&#8217;s air force recently revealed that they have developed a new radar technology that can easily detect stealth aircraft, including the United States&#8217; F-22. 



American fighter jet F-22 has gained global recognition for its stealth capabilities. As per the US military, the F-22 is the world’s most advanced fighter aircraft because of its special design.&nbsp;



Its radar cross-section (RCS) is quite minuscule, about 0.16 sq inch, which makes it difficult for conventional radar systems to track the fighter jet.



The researchers’ team, led by Xie Junwei from the Air Force Engineering University in Xi&#8217;an, Shaanxi province, published its findings in the peer-reviewed Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-stealthy-mission">A stealthy mission</h3>



According to the findings, the newly developed technology could increase the radar signature of a stealth fighter. 



They described that the new radar system can make a stealth fighter with the same configuration as the F-22 appear comparable to a typical fighter jet with an RCS of over 6 square meters. 



This indicates a dramatic increase of 60,000 times in an F-22’s radar signature, which is a big difference compared to conventional radar systems.



The Chinese researchers also claimed they could locate the F-22 within a vast combat zone of about 24,300 square miles. Besides, the team said they were successful in pinpointing the F-22’s real-time position with exemplary accuracy.&nbsp;



The radar achieved an error margin of less than 65 feet while tracking the stealth fighter. This data is enough to guide interceptor fighters or air-defense missiles, eroding the stealth advantage of the F-22.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Technological approach</h3>



The Chinese defense system has already employed various anti-stealth radars. Now, this new technology aims to take this further. 



It uses multiple radars to scan from different angles, combined with a concept called “smart resource scheduling.”



This scheduling system dynamically shifts detecting resources towards the most exposed portion of the stealth fighter jet, maximizing the intensity and accuracy of its radar signature.



The team says this system requires only three radars that can be placed on land, islands, ships, or even airplanes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Implications are big</h3>



If Chinese claims are to go by, this new radar technology can have significant implications for the F-22’s combat effectiveness.&nbsp;



The F-22 relies heavily on its stealth capabilities to evade enemy air defenses before striking targets with air-to-air missiles with an effective range of about 62 miles. For precision-guided bomb attacks on the ground, the stealth fighter must be within a 12-mile radius.&nbsp;



China’s new radar system aims to negate this key advantage of the F-22.&nbsp;



The researchers state that precise coordinates and movement speeds of the F-22 could be computed in just 0.008 seconds. Moreover, it can even track the details of each stealth fighter within an invading F-22 formation in just 0.02 seconds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Evolving space of aerial combat</h3>



The development has occurred against a backdrop of heightened tensions in the Asia-Pacific region. With this new radar technology, China aims to get an <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-beidou-us-gps" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">advantage</a> in areas like the South China Sea and the Western Pacific Ocean. 



The Dragon has also increased the production of its J-20 stealth fighters. It sees American F-22s stationed in Japan as a threat to its coastal infrastructure.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, the US has modernized its fleet of more than 100 F-22s. It is significant considering that the US had stopped the production of F-22 jets due to high costs.&nbsp;



This reflects an ongoing technological race in modern aerial warfare, with both sides seeking advantages in detection and defense capabilities.

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Legends Tower is set to grace the skyline of Oklahoma City.

Oklahoma to get US&#8217; tallest building standing at 1,907 feet

The planned Legends Tower and Boardwalk at Bricktown

Plans are afoot to build a skyscraper that would trump One World Trade Center, which is currently the tallest building in the US. 



Dubbed the &#8216;Legends Tower,&#8217; the proposed building is set to grace the skyline of Oklahoma City. The city&#8217;s planning commission recently greenlit a request for an increase in height submitted by the tower&#8217;s developer.



The designers envision the structure to reach a staggering height of 1,907 feet (581.3 meters), a deliberate nod to the year Oklahoma attained statehood.



If realized, this ambitious height would exceed the height of New York&#8217;s One World Trade Center by over 200 feet (61 meters). Globally, only five other buildings would stand taller.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The story behind the height</h3>



Initially, developers had proposed a tower standing at 1,750 feet (533.4 meters) before the height increase was proposed. The Legends Tower is primarily planned to be residential, housing 1,750 apartments, along with a Hyatt hotel boasting hundreds of rooms. 



The tower forms part of the larger mixed-use development known as Boardwalk at Bricktown, which includes three additional towers at its base, standing at 345 feet (105.2 meters) tall, designated for retail spaces.



The project&#8217;s estimated cost, which includes features like a lagoon and a nearby boardwalk, stands at $1.6 billion. 



Developers have indicated plans to commence construction on two of the towers this summer. The entire project expected to be completed within 24 to 30 months.



The Oklahoma City Planning Commission has granted its approval for the project. However, there remain potential obstacles, including a city meeting scheduled for June 4 to discuss a zoning change. 



Assuming all goes smoothly, construction on this remarkable project is anticipated to commence by July of this year, as per an article published in <a href="https://oklahoman.com/story/news/2024/03/10/okc-tallest-skyscraper-bricktown-funding-secured-developer-says/72654875007/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">The Oklahoman</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-oklahoma">Why Oklahoma?</h3>



Currently, New York and Chicago boast the top 10 tallest buildings in the US, with populations of around 8 and 3 million, respectively. In contrast, Oklahoma City has a population of about 700,000.



Additionally, the proposed Legends Tower would be more than twice the height of Oklahoma City&#8217;s current tallest building. 



Critics of the Legends Tower have raised concerns about the structure&#8217;s feasibility. Members of the city&#8217;s planning commission and local residents question the practicality of such a large structure in a city not accustomed to tall towers.



Moreover, the city&#8217;s susceptibility to tornadoes adds another layer of concern, reports <a href="https://www.wsj.com/us-news/oklahoma-skyscraper-americas-tallest-eaae69d2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Wall Street Journal</a>. 



However, Rob Budetti, managing partner of California studio AO, which is designing the tower, assures that engineers will reinforce the elevator shaft with a sturdy concrete core for stability. Additionally, the skyscraper&#8217;s windows will be designed to withstand tornado-force winds without damage, making it one of the safer places to be in the event of a tornado, the studio claims.



Securing the full funding of $1.5 billion in early March of this year marks a significant step forward for the project. Developer Scott Matterson anticipates that site preparation could commence as soon as June.



Despite progress, uncertainty looms over whether the ambitious <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/lists/13-skyscrapers-that-are-totally-an-engineering-wonder" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">tower</a> will indeed come to fruition, with even Oklahoma City Mayor David Holt expressing reservations.



“In my observation private developers often announce plans and some of those plans happen, and some don’t,” said the mayor to <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/27/investing/americas-tallest-building-oklahoma-city/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">CNN</a>. “I have no strong opinion and look forward to following their effort.”

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The private space firm is set to become the second satellite launch firm, after SpaceX, to reuse its rocket boosters.

Rocket Lab to refly reusable Electron boosters rivaling SpaceX, China

Rocket Lab has taken a key step toward its first-ever relaunch of one of its Electron rocket boosters.



To date, SpaceX is the only satellite launch firm to reuse first stage orbital rocket boosters with its workhorse Falcon 9 program. Rocket Lab’s Electron is smaller than Falcon 9, as it was designed to give small satellite dedicated launches to orbit. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rocket-lab-s-reusable-rockets">Rocket Lab’s reusable rockets</h3>



Due to Electron’s smaller size, Rocket Lab doesn’t perform vertical landings like SpaceX. Electron simply wouldn’t have the fuel capacity required for an engine relight after launch.&nbsp;



Instead, Rocket Lab’s Electron boosters deploy parachutes as they descend to Earth. For a while, the company dabbled with the idea of plucking the boosters out of the sky <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/rocket-lab-recovered-mid-air" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">with a helicopter</a>. However, after tests, it decided the process was too unstable and it now fishes the boosters out of the ocean using a sea vessel.



On January 31, one of Rocket Lab’s Electron boosters launched four private satellites to low Earth orbit. The rocket’s first stage then performed a soft splashdown in the ocean and Rocket Lab retrieved the rocket.



It’s not the first time Rocket Lab has done this. However, the January 31 booster is set to be the first the company actually reflies to orbit. The company has analyzed previous boosters to determine whether they are capable of flying again. Now, it is finally sending one back to the production line for final testing.



&#8220;Through an iterative development process, we have methodically perfected each step of Electron recovery while simultaneously continuing to increase our Electron production capacity and launch cadence. This is the exciting final piece of the puzzle before Electron goes reusable,&#8221; Peter Beck, Rocket Lab&#8217;s founder and CEO, explained in a statement last week.



&#8220;Our key priority in pushing this stage back into the standard production flow for the first time is to ensure our systems and qualification processes are fit for accepting pre-flown boosters at scale,&#8221; he continued. &#8220;If this stage successfully passes and is accepted for flight, we’ll consider opportunities for reflying it in the new year.&#8221;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electron-booster-to-undergo-rigorous-tests">Electron booster to undergo rigorous tests</h3>



During the final phase of testing for the booster, it will have to pass “rigorous qualification and acceptance testing”, Rocket Lab explained in its <a href="https://www.rocketlabusa.com/updates/rocket-lab-returns-previously-flown-electron-to-production-line-in-preparation-for-first-reflight/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">statement</a>.



In its bid to make Electron reusable, Rocket Lab says it has greatly improved in a few key areas over the past few years. These include “honing the telemetry and tracking systems so the marine recovery team can locate the stage as soon as it splashes down” and “streamlining the process of collecting the stage from the water in less than an hour.”



In August last year, Rocket Lab also successfully flew a rocket with a <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/rocket-lab-flies-rocket-with-pre-flown-engine-for-first-time" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">reused Rutherford engine</a> for the very first time.



SpaceX is currently the world leader in reusable rocket technology. Elon Musk’s space company pioneered the technology and it hopes to take it to the next level with its Starship program.  Rocket Lab may become the second satellite launch company to join what would be a very exclusive club. However, China isn’t far behind. The company’s main state contractor recently performed a series of <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-rocket-engine-breaks-records" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">engine tests</a> on a reusable rocket engine.

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Boeing&#8217;s newest research and development facility in Japan will further flying taxi ambitions of the company&#8217;s subsidiary, Wisk.

Boeing&#8217;s Wisk to introduce flying taxis in Asia by 2030

Generation 6's model of Boeing subsidiary Wisk.

US-headquartered Boeing has ambitious plans to foray into the flying cars business in Asian markets by the end of the decade, as per the company&#8217;s chief technology officer, Todd Citron.



Boeing hopes its subsidiary Wisk Aero&#8217;s tech will help address traffic woes in Asian cities. 



Two years ago, Boeing invested in Wisk&#8217;s technology after it placed a $540 million bet on the Mountain View, California-based startup. 



A year later, the large aircraft maker fully absorbed the company and began overseeing its development of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) technology. 



Wisk is currently working with its <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/first-faa-certified-autonomous-air-taxi" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">sixth-generation aircraft</a>, which promises to transport up to four passengers and additional luggage on each trip. The flying taxi uses fully electric propulsion, making it an environmentally friendly option for aerial transport. 



Wisk&#8217;s highlight is autonomous flying technology, which is rare for flying taxis and provides space for an additional passenger on the craft since no pilot is required. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boeing-s-plans-in-japan">Boeing&#8217;s plans in Japan</h3>



Although Boeing&#8217;s manufacturing is based in the US, the company has expanded its operations overseas for many years. Outside the US mainland, Boeing has six research and development (R&amp;D) facilities in Australia, South Korea, and India.&nbsp;



The company set up a facility in Japan in 2022. Earlier this week, the Boeing CTO inaugurated a dedicated facility at Nagoya. The location of the facility makes logistical sense since the Japanese automotive industry is located in the nearby Chubu region.&nbsp;



Japanese heavyweights such as Mitsubishi, Kawasaki, and Subaru, with whom Boeing already has supply partnerships for its own planes, have established factories in the region. These companies have also developed expertise in newer areas of automotive technology, such as electric vehicles and fuel cells.&nbsp;



In addition to collaborating on the production, Boeing is also looking to tap into the region&#8217;s talent pool and is partnering with the local Nagoya University for fresh talent, Nikkei said in its report.  



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="The World&#039;s First Autonomous, All-Electric, Four-Seat eVTOL AirTaxi" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RLmeMgXbF9Q?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Where will flying taxis ply?&nbsp;</h3>



The information regarding plans for the flying taxis was revealed by Citron in an interview to Japanese publication Nikkei.



Boeing&#8217;s current plans for the Nagoya facility include developing digital tools for aircraft design and manufacturing and researching composite materials for aircraft bodies. 



Additionally, the company is looking to improve its know-how of sustainable fuels as well as hydrogen fuel cells as well as ways to improve its production capacity through the use of robots, the <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Boeing-aims-to-bring-flying-cars-to-Asia-by-2030" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Nikkei report</a> added. 



This shows that the company is still in the early stages of its plans to unveil the flying taxis in Japan and is considering the Nagoya facility as an R&amp;D center for its entire operations.&nbsp;



As per Citron&#8217;s interview to Nikkei, Boeing will first obtain certification for its autonomous flying tech in the US before heading to Asian markets. 



Given its technological advantage, it makes more sense that Boeing works with a fleet provider, much like a Waymo or Cruise, but for the skies. It could also be possible for the company to operate the fleet itself. 



There are many unanswered questions about which cities the company is looking to target. But in Japan, where the company is looking to get a head start, the fight for aerial taxis is already heating up.&nbsp;



Local firm SkyDrive and Germany&#8217;s <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/volocopter-stalls-air-taxi-launch-amid-funding-woes-in-singapore" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">Volocopter</a> are already queuing to provide air taxi services next year at the Osaka World Expo. In comparison, Boeing is still on the ground with its plans.

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Powering Hala Point is Intel’s Loihi 2 neuromorphic processor that represents a significant upgrade over its predecessor, Pohoiki Springs.

World&#8217;s largest neuromorphic computer by Intel works like human brain

Intel has announced the launch of the world’s largest neuromorphic computer system, Hala Point. Initially deployed at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, the computer mimics the human brain in processing information.



While unveiling Hala Point, Intel said this breakthrough could give a big boost to artificial intelligence (AI) research. 



As per the company, Hala Point processes information 50 times faster and uses 100 times less energy than traditional computing systems. Through this, Intel aims to make the use of AI more sustainable. 



“The computing cost of today’s AI models is rising at unsustainable rates. The industry needs fundamentally new approaches capable of scaling,” said Mike Davies, director of the Neuromorphic Computing Lab at Intel Labs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-end-performance">High-end performance</h3>



Traditional computers process information linearly. They rely on central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). On the other hand, neuromorphic computers are inspired by the way the human brain works. They use networks of artificial neurons and synapses, similar to the biological brain. 



This structure helps neuromorphic computers process many calculations simultaneously. It is capable of processing up to 20 quadrillion operations per second (20 petaOPS) while maintaining remarkable energy efficiency – exceeding 15 trillion operations per second per watt. For context, this rivals the power of some of the world&#8217;s fastest supercomputers.



With this processing power, Hala Point can complete complex AI tasks with exceptional speed, all while consuming a maximum of 2,600 watts of power &#8211; comparable to a household appliance.



As per Intel, Hala Point can offer unprecedented speed and efficiency thanks to this massive parallel processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cutting-edge technology</h3>



Powering Hala Point is Intel’s Loihi 2 neuromorphic processor that represents a significant upgrade over its predecessor, Pohoiki Springs.&nbsp;



The system packs 1,152 Loihi 2 processors into a space about the size of a microwave oven. Subsequently, it can support up to 1.15 billion artificial neurons and 128 billion synapses. 



This neuron capacity of Hala Point is roughly equivalent to the brainpower of an owl or a small monkey. 



Davis said <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-builds-worlds-largest-neuromorphic-system.html#gs.86oluk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Hala Point</a> “combines deep learning efficiency with novel brain-inspired learning and optimization capabilities. We hope that research with Hala Point will advance the efficiency and adaptability of large-scale AI technology.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uses">Uses</h3>



Initially, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories plan to use Hala Point for advanced scientific computing tasks in fields like device physics, computer architecture, and computer science.



Hala Point team lead at Sandia National Laboratories, Craig Vineyard, said, “Working with Hala Point improves our Sandia team’s capability to solve computational and scientific modeling problems. Conducting research with a system of this size will allow us to keep pace with AI’s evolution in fields ranging from commercial to defense to basic science.”



Hala Point is currently in its early stages, and it is not a consumer product. However, it represents a significant leap forward in AI research. This research prototype will influence the next generation of neuromorphic computing systems. Its efficiency will make it usable in several real-world applications that require real-time solutions. For instance, Hala Point can significantly benefit scientific research, engineering simulations, or smart city management. Besides, it paves the way for a more sustainable future for AI, as it reduces the enormous energy demands associated with training large-scale AI models.



<a href="https://interestingengineering.com/ces-2024/intel-efficient-core-14th-gen-processors" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">Intel</a> says it will share Hala Point with research collaborators to further refine neuromorphic computing technology. 



The tech giant aims to transition this brain-inspired AI from research prototypes to industry-leading commercial products in the coming years.

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Scientists at Cornell believe the color might be purple, not green, in our search for life in the universe.

&#8216;Purple aliens&#8217;: Extraterrestrial life may not be green, reveals study

Scientists at the Carl Sagan Institute at Cornell state that we might not be focusing on the right color in our pursuit to find life on other planets.



Back in 2013, NASA published a piece that suggested that we expand our current focus to include other colors, but that hasn’t happened yet, and no one thought of purple. Until now.



Thus far, we have not found signs of life on other planets though scientists have found 5,500 worlds that circle other stars. A couple, even, orbit around a star at the appropriate distance, so they could have life-giving properties such as water. And what are the signs of life?



“And God said, let there be light,” that’s a current belief. But even that notion has been challenged here on Earth. There are plenty of organisms here that behave like aliens, already.



Looking around, scientists at Cornell turned to purple bacteria because they carry out photosynthesis with other elements besides oxygen. Their biochemistry doesn’t resemble green plants. They thrive on “low energy of infrared radiation.”



Lígia Fonseca Coelho, a postdoctoral student at Cornell went on to describe that “purple bacteria can thrive under a wide range of conditions, making it one of the primary contenders for life that could dominate a variety of worlds.”



They’ve adapted to survive incredibly hot temperatures, even sulfur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astronomers-search-for-life-through-light">Astronomers search for life through light </h3>



Lisa Kaltenegger, director of the Carl Sagan Institute, explained how astronomers scan the universe for signs of life. Through a telescope. They’re just looking at dots in the sky. They study the light these beyond-distant bodies emanate. &nbsp;



Every planet has a unique radiance, depending on the type of star it turns around and what kind of atmosphere it has. These elements combined give each planet a “light fingerprint.” Scientists try to decipher that print to determine whether there’s life on that planet.



We might assume that a planet brimming with life looks like ours, but that’s not necessarily true. Scientists at Cornell thus turned to purple bacteria because they might make up the oldest organisms on the planet. Some scientists even hypothesize that the Earth might have been purple first.



Planets with weaker stars and a different atmospheric make-up might have more life than we thought, simply because we haven’t adjusted our tools to pick up on other colors, even if the first signs of life might not have been green.  



These purple organisms could unlock the mystery of whether or not there are other life forms out there. They could very well be out there. 



Furthermore, “what are collectively referred to as purple bacteria actually have a range of colors including yellow, orange, brown and red due to pigments related to those that make tomatoes red and carrots orange.”



“They already thrive here in certain niches,” Coelho said. “Just imagine if they were not competing with green plants, algae and bacteria: A red sun could give them the most favorable conditions for photosynthesis.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-might-radiate-purple-not-green">Life might radiate purple not green</h3>



Though our current technology isn’t sophisticated enough, admittedly, we do <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/telescope-discovers-tiniest-starquake" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">have the tools</a> to scan for color. By adjusting our lenses slightly, maybe a planet might glow purple, not green, not like ours.



A team of scientists at Cornell are now “cataloging the colors and chemical signatures that a diverse range of organisms and minerals would present in an <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/firstrainbow-glory-effect-exoplanet" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">exoplanet’s</a> reflected light.”



“We are just opening our eyes to these fascinating worlds around us,” Kaltenegger said. 



“Purple <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/news/space-environment-drives-mutation-in-e-bugandensis-bacteria-found-on-iss" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">bacteria</a> can survive and thrive under such a variety of conditions that it is easy to imagine that on many different worlds, purple may just be the new green.”



The team from Cornell just published their study, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae601" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Purple is the New Green: Biopigments and Spectra of Earth-like Purple Worlds</a>,” in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters.

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The landing at the civilian airfield was also part of Bayou Vigilance, designed to test the readiness and lethality of the 2nd Bomb Wing.

US’ massive B-52H bombers test civilian airfield landing capability

Image of a B-52H at Barksdale Air Force Base. 

A pair of United States&#8217; mighty B-52H Stratofortress bombers were able to successfully land at a civilian airport. The landing was conducted as part of a military exercise to simulate nuclear war.



The exercise aimed to test and train crews to enable valuable assets, like the B-52, to land on non-military airfields safely.



The landings took place on April 12, 2024. Both B-52Hs are part of the 20th Bomb Squadron. 



The exercise was also part of Bayou Vigilance, designed to test the readiness and lethality of the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale Air Force Base by simulating combat operations and demonstrating the ability to respond to strategic attacks.



“When it comes to nuclear war, all bets are off, and we need to be prepared to adapt to the current situation,” said Lieutenant Colonel Jared Patterson, 20th BS commander. “By demonstrating our ability to land at a civilian airfield, we’re demonstrating our ability to conduct operations,&#8221; he added. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">B-52Hs visit Chennault International Airport</h3>



The exercise marked the conclusion of the Bayou Vigilance, which began on April 3rd. This exercise is held several times a year, allowing bomber air and ground crews to hone their emergency response skills.



The 20th Bomb Squadron landed the <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/ie-originals/giant-machines/season-4/ep-4-the-b-52-a-timeless-titan-of-the-us-air-forces-arsenal" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">pair of B-52Hs</a> at Chennault International Airport, a local airfield in Lake Charles, Louisiana, near Barksdale Air Force Base. 



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="B-52 Stratofortress Take Off U.S. Air Force" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k8EURBL53_k?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



“We are demonstrating a capability, and that capability is to land a B-52 anywhere across the globe,” said Patterson. &#8220;So yes, we’re doing it close to home this time, but this proved we can do it anywhere,&#8221; he added. 



<a href="https://www.barksdale.af.mil/News/Display/Article/3744688/b-52s-land-at-civilian-airfield-during-exercise-bayou-vigilance/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">This is no small feat</a>, as the B-52H is an enormous aircraft. To support its weight, the 159-foot (48.5 meter) long B-52 requires long, wide, and strong runways. While most international airports regularly handle large passenger aircraft, the B-52H is a different beast, and civilian airports cannot always handle the strain.



The landings required careful coordination between the 2nd Bomber Wing and civilian air traffic control at Chennault. Moreover, the exercise demonstrated that the 2nd BW can effectively collaborate with local authorities and airfield personnel to accomplish its mission.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Part of Agile Command Employment</h3>



According to <a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-f-35-maintenance/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine,</a> a representative from Air Force Global Strike Command shared that an aircraft&#8217;s successful landing showcases the concept of Agile Combat Employment. This idea involves a small team of Airmen launching and recovering aircraft at remote or &#8220;austere airfields&#8221; and then moving to another location to avoid being targeted by enemy missiles. 



<a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-b-52-bomber-civilian-airport/#:~:text=Two%20B%2D52%20bombers%20made,on%20April%2012." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Air and Space Forces</a> report that strategic bombers have increased their presence globally in recent years by conducting more landings at military airfields in other nations.



“The 2nd BW and Chennault International Airport partnership is significant because it provides the wing with an alternate location for training and operations while demonstrating the viability and importance of the Department of Defense—civilian relationship,” said Kevin Melton, Chennault International Airport executive director. 



“It shows we are a team founded on similar core values, which at the end of the day ensures our nation is protected by a formidable fighting force second to none,&#8221; he added.

<ul>
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 	<li><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-b52s-near-the-phillipines" target="_blank" rel="noopener">US flies nuclear capable bombers supporting Philippines against China</a></li>
</ul>

This mini countertop dishwasher is a great alternative to its normal counterparts. It requires no installation and offers five different programs for washing dishes. Furthermore, its user-friendly design ensures you have a smooth learning curve in learning how to use this appliance.

The COMFEE Portable Mini Dishwasher boasts a slim and compact design that makes it a great choice to carry on outdoor trips. Also, it requires no dedicated plumbing or installation process to work. With 80% water-saving capacity, it also plays a major role in avoiding water wastage during the dish-washing process.

7 staunch reasons to invest in a portable countertop dishwasher

Dishwashers can save you valuable time while working in the kitchen.

In a world where most of our lives are spent glued to the screen at our work desks, convenience is a must in various areas of our lives. Technology plays a big role in helping us achieve that desired level of relaxation—machines have taken over a considerable amount of chores that previously used to be time- and energy-consuming. A portable countertop dishwasher is one such appliance that&#8217;ll relieve you of post-meal chores.



Now, normal dishwashers can be huge in size, almost equal to that of a washing machine. A countertop dishwasher is a great substitute that allows you to enjoy the service equally well. That being said, here are the top seven reasons why investing in a countertop dishwasher is probably one of the smartest decisions you&#8217;ll ever make.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1-convenience-redefined">1. Convenience redefined</h3>



Normal dishwashers required some dedicated plumbing coupled with other installation processes, and that isn&#8217;t exactly a cinch. Add the fact that they&#8217;ll also take up precious space, which can be a big red flag in case you have a small kitchen area.



A portable countertop dishwasher can save you valuable space and is also easy to set up. Just place the dishwasher on the countertop, plug it in, and you&#8217;re ready to go! Also, not a very significant benefit, but you also don&#8217;t need to bend each time you load and unload a countertop dishwasher, unlike its regular counterpart.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2-space-saving-design">2. Space-saving design</h3>



For those living in small apartments or homes with limited kitchen space, every square inch counts. Portable countertop dishwashers offer a space-saving solution that eliminates the need for a dedicated dishwasher alcove. 



Their compact size allows them to fit seamlessly on most kitchen countertops, making them an ideal choice for anyone looking to maximize their kitchen real estate.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3-energy-efficiency">3. Energy efficiency</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1778" height="1148" src="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.20 PM.png?w=1673" alt="" class="wp-image-55039" srcset="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.20 PM.png 1778w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.20 PM.png?resize=300,194 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.20 PM.png?resize=768,496 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.20 PM.png?resize=1673,1080 1673w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.20 PM.png?resize=1536,992 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1778px) 100vw, 1778px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><a href="https://amzn.to/43KKUUG" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Source: EUHOMY/Amazon</a></figcaption></figure>



While portable countertop dishwashers are often looked upon as a convenience purchase, energy efficiency also deserves a worthy mention here. <a href="https://amzn.to/43KKUUG" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Countertop dishwashers</a> use less energy as compared to their regular counterparts. This helps you save money on electricity bills and also contributes in reducing your carbon footprint.



If there was a way to contribute to the environmental impact and save energy bills, getting a countertop dishwasher would definitely be on the top of that list.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-4-cost-effective-solution">4. Cost-effective solution</h3>



Portable countertop dishwashers are a cost-effective alternative to traditional built-in dishwashers. Not only that, they also incur minimal installation costs.



With no need for plumbing modifications or professional installation services, portable countertop dishwashers represent a budget-friendly option. This is a great sign for homeowners looking to upgrade their kitchen appliances without breaking the bank.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-5-versatility-for-any-setting">5. Versatility for any setting</h3>



A portable countertop dishwasher can be taken with you wherever you go. Its compact and lightweight design makes it a great choice to have for indoor as well as outdoor purposes. Whether you&#8217;re living in a temporary space or travelling in an RV, the compact design of this countertop dishwasher ensures you never have to worry about washing dishes on the go.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-6-effective-cleaning-performance">6. Effective cleaning performance</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1658" height="1168" src="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.29 PM.png?w=1533" alt="" class="wp-image-55043" srcset="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.29 PM.png 1658w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.29 PM.png?resize=300,211 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.29 PM.png?resize=768,541 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.29 PM.png?resize=1533,1080 1533w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-05-at-1.29.29 PM.png?resize=1536,1082 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1658px) 100vw, 1658px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://amzn.to/4ao2G2p" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">COMFEE/Amazon</a></figcaption></figure>



A <a href="https://amzn.to/4ao2G2p" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">countertop dishwasher</a> may have a compact design, but don&#8217;t let it put you in doubt regarding its performance. These appliances can tackle even the toughest food stains and grease with multiple cycles and adjustable settings.



Many models feature built-in spray arms and powerful water jets to ensure a thorough cleaning of your dishes. This ensures that your plates are sparkling clean with minimal effort.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-7-improved-hygiene-and-sanitation">7. Improved hygiene and sanitation</h3>



Properly sanitized dishes are essential for maintaining good hygiene in your kitchen. Portable countertop dishwashers use high-temperature wash cycles and powerful detergents to kill bacteria and germs, ensuring that your dishes are thoroughly cleaned and safe to use. 



Your dishes would be completely clean, ensuring complete hygiene and safety for you and your family.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h3>



From their space-saving design and easy installation to their energy efficiency and effective cleaning performance, portable countertop dishwashers are revolutionizing the way we approach dishwashing. If you&#8217;ve already made your mind up on investing in one, here are some of the <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/reviews/7-best-countertop-dishwashers" rel="dofollow">best dishwashers</a> to consider.



Whether you&#8217;re a busy professional, a small-space dweller, or a frequent traveler, a portable countertop dishwasher can simplify your kitchen routine and help you enjoy more time for the things that matter the most.



So why wait? Embrace the convenience of modern dishwashing technology and upgrade to a portable countertop dishwasher today!

Each 383.8-feet-long vessel can transport 120 cars, relying on green hydrogen for 85 percent of the Arctic voyage.

Norway to build world’s largest hydrogen-powered ships

The hydrogen ferries will carry up to 120 cars on Norway's longest ferry route between Bodø and Lofoten. 

In a sign of changing times in the maritime industry, a Norwegian shipyard has been contracted to build the &#8216;world’s largest’ hydrogen-powered <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/7-of-the-maddest-ship-designs" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">ships</a>. 



The Myklebust Shipyard in Norway has been selected by transport firm Torghatten Nord to build two hydrogen <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrofoil-ferry-concept-could-electrify-the-global-ferry-industry" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">ferries</a>. 



These boats will be designed to transport up to 120 vehicles on Norway&#8217;s longest ferry route and are tailored to operate in the waters of the Vestfjordstrekninga fjord in the Arctic Circle.



According to Myklebust, the vessels will connect the towns of Bodø and Lofoten. The ferries will be bunkered with hydrogen locally produced in Bodø. 



The Norwegian Ship Design Company will design the ships, which will be delivered in 2026. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-boost-to-the-industry">A boost to the industry</h3>



The project gains significance as passenger transportation with <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine" rel="dofollow">hydrogen</a> over such a hard and lengthy route has never been done before. All safety considerations must be considered in the design and technical solutions for ferries that travel long distances in weather-exposed waterways.



&#8220;This project is a significant boost for the Norwegian technology and shipyard environment, and we are proud to make it happen in Norway,” said&nbsp;Marius Hansen, managing director of Torghatten Nord, in a statement. 



The large-capacity ferries will be constructed from the Myklebust facility in Gursken, south of Ålesund. The construction would require increased staffing and high activity at the shipyard for the foreseeable future. &nbsp;



In addition to working closely with the Norwegian Maritime Directorate and the class business Lloyd&#8217;s Register (LR) to build protocols and safety standards for an entirely new class of ferries, the project has Norwegian suppliers for design, technology, equipment, and hydrogen.



&#8220;Together with the maritime cluster in Norway, we will develop new knowledge, secure jobs and be able to take on more apprentices with this assignment. It will be exciting to deliver something that no one has done before us,&#8221; said Leiv Sindre Muren, CEO of Myklebust, in a <a href="https://www.myklebustverft.no/aktuelt/ny-kontrakt-torghattennord" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">statement</a>. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emission-maritime-solutions">Zero-emission maritime solutions</h3>



Connecting Bodø, the islands of Røst and Værøy, and Moskenes along the 172-mile-long (278 kilometers) Vestfjordstrekninga ferry route, the world&#8217;s largest hydrogen-powered ships are set to advance maritime transportation. 



According to <a href="https://www.offshore-energy.biz/norwegian-shipyard-to-build-the-worlds-largest-hydrogen-ships/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Offshore Energy</a>, these 117-meter-long (383.8 feet), 120-car vehicles will use green hydrogen as their main fuel source and cover at least 85 percent of their distance while navigating the harsh Arctic waters.



These ships will encounter challenging conditions because of their average speed of 17 knots, but they will designed to handle them effectively. 



Their hydrogen storage units will provide fuel to fuel cells, which will turn energy into electricity to power the ships&#8217; auxiliary systems and propulsion. According to Offshore Energy, this novel strategy is anticipated to cut CO2 emissions by about 26,500 tons annually along the route. 



This collaborative project involves LR as the class society, owner Torghatten Nord, The Norwegian Ship Design Company, Myklebust Verft shipyard, systems integrator SEAM, and hydrogen supplier GreenH. 



&#8220;The agreement shows that Norwegian shipyards are competitive, and it will contribute to building more expertise in zero-emission solutions,”&nbsp;said John-Ivar Nygård, Norway&#8217;s transport minister, in a statement. 



With governments committed to achieving &#8216;net-zero&#8217; objectives, the transportation sector anticipates a wave of such transformations in the next few years.

<div class="Review_header__rCaGD">
<ul>
 	<li class="content-title mt-3"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine">Undergraduates develop record hydrogen-powered engine in a world first</a></li>
 	<li class="content-title mt-3"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/7-of-the-maddest-ship-designs">7 of the maddest ship designs ever conceived by engineers</a></li>
 	<li class="content-title mt-3"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrofoil-ferry-concept-could-electrify-the-global-ferry-industry">Hydrofoil Ferry Concept Could Electrify the Global Ferry Industry</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="Review_desc__skOL9">
<div class="Review_desc__skOL9">
<div class="Review_desc__skOL9">
<h2 class="article-abstract"></h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>

Study reveal that the debris from re-entering dead satellites dwarfs the amount of charged dust left behind by space rocks.

Eiffel Tower’s worth of dead satellites&#8217; ash may impact Earth’s magnetic field

Representational image of defunct satellite parts in the orbit.

Life on Earth flourishes because of its magnetic field. But what happens when the growing number of satellite launches compromises this protective planetary shield?



A recent study suggests the growing number of <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/ie-originals/ie-explainer/season-8/ep-18-defunct-satellites-earthbound-plunge-a-cosmic-cleanup" rel="dofollow">defunct satellites</a> re-entering our atmosphere could impact Earth&#8217;s magnetic field.



Sierra Solter-Hunt, a plasma physicist, conducted this study, which was posted to the pre-print portal but has yet to be peer-reviewed.&nbsp;



Solter discovered that as dead satellites burn up, they emit plasma and pulverize into metallic dust. During the explosive re-entry, the dust spreads through the ionosphere, the ionized outermost layer of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere.&nbsp;



This process creates a layer of plasma dust in the upper atmosphere, which may impact our magnetosphere &#8211; the region controlled by the planet&#8217;s magnetic field.&nbsp;



“500,000 to 1 million satellites are expected in the next decades, primarily to build internet constellations called megaconstellations. These megaconstellations are disposable and will constantly re-enter and be replaced, hence creating a layer of conductive particulate,” author Solter-Hunt mentioned in the study paper. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generation-of-plasma-dust">Generation of plasma dust</h3>



The author warns that increased metallic dust in our upper atmosphere may impact our planet&#8217;s plasma environment.&nbsp;



The plasma dust results from the interaction between two major components: the ionized gas that makes up Earth&#8217;s upper atmosphere and the microscopic ash particles that remain after meteors burn up when they approach the planet&#8217;s atmosphere.&nbsp;



Defunct <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/laser-powered-license-plates-to-save-satellites-from-orbital-collision" rel="dofollow">satellites</a> are also known to contribute to the plasma dust.



As these dead satellites re-enter the atmosphere, they disintegrate, further contributing to microscopic artificial particle production. 



&#8220;Satellite reentries may create a global band of plasma dust with a charge higher than the rest of the magnetosphere,&#8221; mentioned the study. 



According to the study, over 50 tons of space rocks evaporate in Earth&#8217;s atmosphere daily, generating roughly 450 kg of charged dust. 



Furthermore, Solter-Hunt&#8217;s calculations reveal that the debris from re-entering satellites dwarfs the amount of charged dust left behind by space rocks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-launches-projected-to-increase">Satellite launches projected to increase </h3>



As many as 10,000 satellites operate in low-Earth orbit, most of which are internet constellations like Starlink. The number will likely rise to one million over the next three to four decades.



According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, one aging satellite is known to meet its end in Earth&#8217;s atmosphere daily. However, with the rapid deployment of a fleet of satellites, the figure is expected to increase exponentially in the coming years. 



“Upon investigating just how much dust in the form of satellite and rocket debris the space industry has dumped into the ionosphere during re-entry, I was alarmed to find that it is currently multiple Eiffel Tower’s worth of metallic ash,” Solter-Hunt wrote in the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/apr/16/dead-satellite-space-earth-magnetic-field" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Guardian</a> opinion piece.&nbsp;



“Our ozone is mere pennies thick, and soon we will be putting at least an Eiffel Tower’s worth of metallic ash a year directly into the ionosphere. And all of that will stay there, indefinitely,” she added.&nbsp;



In worst-case circumstances, a massive buildup of conductive particles might trap or deflect all or some of Earth’s life-supporting magnetic field.&nbsp;



Some scientists are skeptical of the paper&#8217;s findings, but all agree that the growing deployment of satellites into low-earth orbit must be addressed.



The study can be accessed <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.09329" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">here.</a>

<ul>
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 	<li><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/laser-powered-license-plates-to-save-satellites-from-orbital-collision">Laser-powered license plates to save satellites from orbital collision</a></li>
</ul>

Regional tensions could escalate as Israel allegedly launches its offense after five days following the counter-strikes from Iran.

WW3? Israeli &#8216;missiles hit&#8217; Iran, Isfahan&#8217;s air defense systems activated

Representational image: Iran's Mersad Air Defense System with Shahin Missile.

The Isfahan province in Iran became the center of attraction as news regarding an alleged Israeli attack, which was thwarted by its air defense system, surfaced.



The attack, which allegedly involved missiles or drones, was carried out late night. The Iranian authorities have termed the incident an instance of infiltration attempted by insiders rather than blaming Israel for the same.



Israel too has not confirmed its involvement and has maintained complete silence on the issue. However, several US outlets had quoted unnamed officials to call it an attack launched by Israel on Iranian soil.



Israel’s had got involved in the incident as the news came just days after Iran’s <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sm-3-missile-interceptors-combat-debut" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">counter-strike</a>, consisting of 300 missiles and drones.



Israel had earlier attacked Iran’s embassy in Syria on April 1, which led to the death of several senior commanders.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-today-s-incident">More about today’s incident</h3>



As per Iranian news outlets, a total of three drones had been shot down by its air defense systems in the Isfahan region. As reports of an Israeli attack circulated, Iran had been forced to shut its airspace in the western region and its capital, Tehran.



As a result, several airlines had also stopped their operations in Iran.



The airspace was later declared open by the Iranian authorities on Friday morning.



The Isfahan province <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68852522" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">is home</a> to a major airbase of Iran&#8217;s armed forces, along with a major missile production complex and some nuclear sites.



Meanwhile, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has come out to confirm that there had been no damage to any nuclear sites in Iran due to the alleged attacks.



The UN body&#8217;s Director General, Rafael Mariano Grossi, has called for both sides to exercise &#8220;extreme restraint&#8221; and added that &#8220;nuclear facilities should never be a target in military conflicts. IAEA is monitoring the situation very closely.&#8221;



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="500" data-dnt="true">IAEA can confirm that there is no damage to <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">#Iran</a>’s nuclear sites. DG <a href="https://twitter.com/rafaelmgrossi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">@rafaelmgrossi</a> continues to call for extreme restraint from everybody and reiterates that nuclear facilities should never be a target in military conflicts. IAEA is monitoring the situation very closely. <a href="https://t.co/4F7pAlNjWM" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/4F7pAlNjWM</a>&mdash; IAEA &#8211; International Atomic Energy Agency ⚛️ (@iaeaorg) <a href="https://twitter.com/iaeaorg/status/1781196309329793463?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">April 19, 2024</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



As per <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-missiles-hit-site-iran-abc-news-reports-2024-04-19/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Reuters</a>, Iran has downplayed the incident and termed it an inside job; it has also revealed that they are not thinking of any further counter-strike measures.



An unnamed Iranian official has said that the “foreign source of the incident has not been confirmed.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global response</h3>



United Kingdom had issued a World War 3 warning following news of the attack, as per an article by <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1890022/israel-iran-hits-nuclear-facility-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Express</a>.



Later in the day, the US, the UK and several other countries asked for de-escalation of tensions. Australia has also asked its citizens to leave Israel if they can.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="500" data-dnt="true">There have been reports of explosions across some locations in the Middle East. The security situation could deteriorate quickly, with little notice. There may also be airspace closures, flight cancellations, diversions and other travel disruptions. (1/2) <a href="https://t.co/tOqyBgr9p5" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/tOqyBgr9p5</a>&mdash; Smartraveller (@Smartraveller) <a href="https://twitter.com/Smartraveller/status/1781154767437439300?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">April 19, 2024</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



Hours before the incident took place, the Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian had <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1890022/israel-iran-hits-nuclear-facility-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">said</a> that any retaliation by Israel would result in an immediate and “maximum level” response from it.



This had come in response to Israel stating that it was planning a retaliatory strike against Iran.



This means that even though today’s incident might not have been carried out by Israel, but the country might be planning its response.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Iran’s nuclear program</h3>



Iran had earlier <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-commander-warns-tehran-could-review-its-nuclear-doctrine-amid-israeli-2024-04-18/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">warned</a> that it could bring about a change in its nuclear policy if there is an attack on any of its nuclear sites by Israel.



As the Isfahan province is home to nuclear sites, which Iran says it intends to use for peaceful purposes, the danger of Iran developing a nuclear bomb also lurks in the shadows.



The West has for long suspected that Iran intends to use its nuclear program for developing weapons.

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 	<li><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/iran-missile-drone-attack-israel">Inside Iran’s drone arsenal: From ‘Gaza’ to hypersonic missiles</a></li>
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If correct, the team&#8217;s discovery could open the door for the widespread adoption of ferroelectric capacitors in many technologies.

Nano-thin powerhouses: New ferroelectric capacitors set to transform tech

Close-up of the microchip on a blue circuit board

A group of researchers from the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis may have discovered working ferroelectric capacitors. Using a combination of 2D and 3D structures, this discovery could lead to real-world applications of this elusive, promising electrical storage solution.



Electrostatic capacitors are critical for energy storage and power in modern devices, from smartphones and laptops to medical and industrial equipment. Ones made from <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-ferroelectricity-works-why-it-could-change-the-world" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">ferroelectric materials </a>have long been sought to dramatically increase the efficiency of capacitors. However, they have long been plagued with technical problems.



Due to their properties, ferroelectric capacitors suffer significant energy loss, making achieving high energy storage capacity difficult. To this end, Sang-Hoon Bae, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at McKelvey, sought to find a way to overcome these limitations.



<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adl2835" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">In a new study</a> published in Science&#8217;s April 18 publication, Bae and his team proposed a method for controlling the relaxation time of ferroelectric capacitors using 2D materials. Relaxation time refers to an internal material property that describes how long it takes for charge to dissipate or decay.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-major-breakthrough-for-ferroelectric-capacitors">A major breakthrough for ferroelectric capacitors</h3>



Their method ingeniously combined 2D and 3D materials by stacking them in atomically thin layers, with precisely designed chemical and non-chemical bonds between each layer. A slender 3D core is inserted between two outer 2D layers to create a stack that is only about 30 nanometers thick. That is approximately one-tenth the size of an average virus particle.



“We created a new structure based on the innovations we’ve already made in my lab involving 2D materials,” Bae said. “Initially, we weren’t focused on energy storage, but during our exploration of material properties, we found a new physical phenomenon that we realized could be applied to energy storage, and that was both very interesting and potentially much more useful.”



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Ferroelectric Capacitor: Structure, Process, Application and Challenges" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hMo4S6U09ag?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



The 2D/3D/2D heterostructures the team devised are designed with precision to balance between conductivity and non-conductivity to achieve optimal electric properties for energy storage in semiconducting materials.



Thanks to this design, Bae and his colleagues have reported an energy density up to 19 times higher than commercially available ferroelectric capacitors. They have also achieved an unprecedented efficiency of over 90%.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-implications-for-a-range-of-technologies">Major implications for a range of technologies</h3>



“We found that dielectric relaxation time can be modulated or induced by a very small gap in the material structure,” Bae explained. “That new physical phenomenon is something we hadn’t seen before. It enables us to manipulate dielectric material in such a way that it doesn’t polarize and lose charge capability,&#8221; Bae added. 



“Fundamentally, this structure we’ve developed is a novel electronic material,” Bae said. “We’re not yet 100% optimal, but already we’re outperforming what other labs are doing. Our next steps will be to make this material structure even better, so we can meet the need for ultrafast charging and discharging and very high energy densities in capacitors,&#8221; he said.



&#8220;We must be able to do that without losing storage capacity over repeated charges to see this material used broadly in large electronics, like electric vehicles, and other developing green technologies,&#8221; Bae concluded. 



This discovery has major consequences for various industries, such as smartphones, laptops, medical equipment, car electronics, and specifically in power regulation for electric cars and infrastructure development. Swift and efficient charging and discharging capabilities are vital for these technologies.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adl2835" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Science</a>.

<ul>
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</ul>

Climate data from satellites monitoring the Arctic and Antarctic helped Hiroto Nagai compose String Quartet No. 1, “Polar Energy Budget.&#8221;

Japanese scientist composes string quartet from satellite climate data

This photograph is a still from the performance of String Quartet No. 1 “Polar Energy Budget," composed by Hiroto Nagai.

Hiroto Nagai, a geo-environmental scientist at Rissho University in Japan, recently authored and composed String Quartet No. 1, “Polar Energy Budget.”



The composition was derived from sonified <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctic-expedition-ancient-ice-climate" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">climate data</a> from satellites monitoring the <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/doomsday-vault-north-pole-future-proof-music" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">Arctic</a> and Antarctica that have been accumulated over 30 years.



Nagai aimed to spotlight how climate is influenced by energy input and output at the poles.



“I strongly hope that this manuscript marks a significant turning point, transitioning from an era where only scientists handle data to one where artists can freely leverage data to craft their works,” says the composer.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-to-elicit-an-emotional-response-for-a-cause">Music to elicit an emotional response for a cause</h3>



The driving force behind the composition was music, which the author says stimulates an emotional response in contrast to mere sound.



He argues that turning data into music, a process he calls &#8220;musification,&#8221; involves the composer&#8217;s input to create tension and dynamics rather than just sonifying the data.



Due to this, Nagai infused his composition with a ‘human touch’ while asserting this as a liberal action. 



This allowed the scientists to fuse sonification with traditional music in the climate-derived composition. 



“As a fundamental principle in music composition, it is necessary to combine temporal sequences from tension-building to resolution in various scales, from harmonic progressions to entire movements,” he said.&nbsp;



“So far, there haven’t been published attempts and open discussion on sonification-based music composition, nor attempts to demonstrate the methodology required to intentionally affect the audience’s emotions with an artistic piece.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sonifying-the-climate-data-from-the-polar-regions">Sonifying the climate data from the polar regions</h3>



The Japanese composer assigned sounds to different data values after sonifying the climate data from the polar regions.&nbsp;



As per a statement, the data was publicly available from four polar locations between 1982 and 2022. 



These included an ice-core drilling site in the Greenland ice sheet, a satellite station in Norway’s Svalbard archipelago, and two Japanese-owned research stations in the Antarctic (Showa Station and Dome Fuji Station). 



The geo-environmental scientist used monthly measurements of short- and longwave radiation, precipitation, surface temperature, and cloud thickness data from each of the selected sites.



After this, he transformed these sonified sounds into a musical composition for two violins, a viola, and a cello. 



Nagai integrated various musical elements such as pitch manipulation, instrument assignment, overlaying passages, and musical techniques like pizzicato and staccato. 



He introduced rhythm, removed certain sounds deliberately, and added handwritten parts to the composition.&nbsp;



The statement noted that Nagai intervened in more artistic ways by introducing rhythm, deliberately removing certain sounds, and introducing handwritten (non-data derived) parts into the composition.



Overall, the composition process involved both scientific data manipulation and artistic intervention to create a piece that simulated the audience&#8217;s emotions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-live-performance-premiered-at-waseda-university-in-tokyo">The live performance premiered at Waseda University in Tokyo</h3>



The quartet premiered with a live performance at Waseda University in Tokyo in March 2023, which was followed by a panel discussion. 



A Japanese professional string quartet, PRT Quartet, recorded and filmed the piece, which was uploaded on YouTube in March 2023.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="String Quartet No.1 &quot;Polar Energy Budget&quot; by Hiroto NAGAI [Performance Video for Study]" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Tulsx2wt3qU?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Watch the PRT Quartet&#8217;s performance here.</figcaption></figure>



“Upon listening, my initial reaction was, ‘What is this?’ It felt like a typical contemporary piece,” said Haruka Sakuma, the professional violinist who played the second violin. 



“The flow of the music was a bit hard to memorize quickly, and it was quite challenging at first.”



According to Nagai, the music arouses an emotional reaction ahead of intellectual curiosity. 



Presenting graphical data about climate change may not have the emotional reaction that music would, but a combination of the two “might be even more powerful.”



“It grabs the audiences’ attention forcefully, while graphical representations require active and conscious recognition instead,” Nagai says. 



“This reveals the potential for outreach in the Earth sciences through music.”



The background of how the quartet was composed was published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)00844-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">journal</a> iScience on April 18 as part of a collection, “Exploring the Art-Science Connection.”

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